American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO) Practice Exam 2026 – The Complete All-in-One Guide to Exam Success

Glaucoma is characterized by progressive damage to the optic nerve, often associated with increased intraocular pressure. This condition leads to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, resulting in visual field loss and potential blindness if untreated. The optic nerve's health is crucial for proper vision, as it transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Early detection and management of glaucoma are essential to prevent irreversible optic nerve damage.

In contrast, cataracts primarily involve the clouding of the lens, affecting clarity of vision but not damaging the optic nerve itself. Macular degeneration affects the central part of the retina (the macula), leading to issues with central vision, yet it does not directly harm the optic nerve. Diabetic retinopathy involves damage to the blood vessels in the retina due to diabetes, which can lead to vision loss but is distinct from the optic nerve damage found in glaucoma.